India: Dalit Activist Sudhir Dhawale arrested on “sedition” charge in Maharashtra

Sudhir Dhawale protesting the arrest of Binayak Sen

Mumbai Mirror, January 3 2010

Dalit activist and editor of Marathi magazine Vidrohi, Sudhir Dhawale, was arrested on Monday morning at Gondia and charged with sedition (sec 124) and under Secs 17, 20 and 39 of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA).

These sections relate to: raising funds for terrorist acts; being a member of a terrorist organisation and providing support to a terrorist organisation.

Gondia Sub-Divisional Police Officer Borate told Mumbai Mirror that Sudhir had been named by one Bhimrao, alias Bhanu Bhovate, whom he described as a “State Committee Naxalite leader”, arrested last week in Gondia.Bhovate had reportedly told police that he had given his computer, which had Naxalite literature in it, to Sudhir. Thus it was necessary to seize Sudhir’s computer, said Borate. The police searched Sudhir’s home in Byculla for over three hours in the evening.

Sudhir has been remanded in police custody till January 12. He had addressed a Ambedkar-Phule Sahitya Sammelan near Wardha on Sunday, and was on a train when he was arrested. Borate said they had been trailing him for the last few days, emphasising that his arrest had nothing to do with the Sammelan.

Expressing shock at his arrest, award-winning documentary maker Anand Patwardhan compared it to that of Binayak Sen.

“I know Sudhir well. He is a gentle person. His arrest is an outrage. It’s like what happened with Dr Binayak Sen – hounding those who have sympathy for the oppressed.” Interestingly, Sudhir is an active member of the Mumbai-based Committee for the Release of Binayak Sen.

A well-known name in Dalit and Left circles, Sudhir was one of the founders of the Republican Panther Jaatiya Antachi Chalwal (movement for annihilation of caste), formed on December 6, 2007, Dr Ambedkar’s Mahaparinirvan Day, at Shivaji Park.

This group grew out of the anger of Dalit youth against the Ramabai Nagar firing (1997) and the Khairlanji killings (2006).

According to Shyam Sonar, a member of the Republican Panthers, their group was created seeing the failure of the Dalit Panthers to live up to their original aim of working among people to wipe out caste. “We believe in raising awareness about atrocities on Dalits and the government’s destructive pattern of development in a democratic way,” said Sonar.

A full-time activist, Sudhir edited the bi-monthly Marathi magazine Vidrohi, which has among its editorial advisers Nikhil Wagle, Anand Patwardhan, and Anand Teltumbde.

His wife, a nurse, ran their home, while his friends paid his mobile bills and for his railway pass, said Sonar. Sudhir has two school going children.

A year ago, Sudhir had performed Hindi film director Sagar Sarhadi’s play Raj Durbar in Nagpur. Describing him as a “decent man and an enthusiastic and curious student of theatre”, Sarhadi said his arrest was a form of “witch hunting”.

Folk artiste shahir Sambhaji Bhagat recalled having first met Sudhir as a college student in Nagpur, where he had attended Bhagat’s theatre workshops. “Sudhir was very active in organising the parallel Vidrohi Marathi Sahitya Sammelans,” said Sambhaji. “He is also a good singer. His arrest bodes ill for those who believe in open democratic work.”

Last week, Home Minister Chidambaram had asked Maharashtra’s police to go on the offensive against Naxalites in the state. “When the government puts pressure on the police, they catch Leftists who work in an open manner because these are easy targets,” said Anand Patwardhan. “Dr Binayak Sen and now Sudhir, are being tarred as Naxalites for doing human rights work. It is a continuation of the dangerous pattern of blurring the lines in order to shut people up.”

source:
http://indianvanguard.wordpress.com/

Government cuts will hurt the most vulnerable - says British Trade Union Congress

4

The Government has been keen to claim that the cuts will be “fair” and even “progressive”. It has promised that it “will introduce arrangements that will protect those on low incomes from the effect of ... spending constraints22.” The problem with this claim is that it is people in poverty who are much more likely to be users of the services that will be cut or downgraded.

For example, many services only exist because they help people cope with the effects of poverty and deprivation. And many services are used much more by the less well-off – public transport, for instance, is used by lower income groups as they are less likely to have a car23.

Politicians do not like to admit it but it is important to remember that Britain has an unusually large number of people living in poverty or on very low wages for an advanced European economy. It has also become a very unequal economy over the last thirty years. Because of this, according to TUC analysis of official data, the amount of money spent by the Government on individuals and their families through benefits and public services accounts for the majority of the income of the less well-off half of the population, if those services are treated in cash terms. This means anyone earning around £20,000 or below is likely to face a significant blow to their incomes and to the services they use as a result of the cuts.

In addition, a recent study by the independent Institute of Fiscal Studies of the cuts to welfare payments and tax credits concluded that:

“the tax and benefit changes announced in the emergency Budget are clearly regressive as, on average, they hit the poorest households more than those in the upper-middle of the income distribution in cash, let alone percentage, terms.”24

The cuts will also hit some regions much harder than others and these will tend to be regions with concentrations of less well-off people. This is because these areas tend to rely on public services more heavily but also rely on the public sector more for jobs. Areas such as the North East, Wales and Northern Ireland will be particularly badly hit.

Conservative politicians have argued that these areas have become over-reliant on the public sector for support and jobs and must be weaned off. This overlooks the fact that the reason these areas are now so reliant on the public sector is because the thriving manufacturing companies that once dominated their economies were destroyed by the 1980s recession and cuts and have never been replaced by any other business activity or investment of a similar scale. The idea that massive cuts in the public sector will magically lead to new jobs being created in the private sector is absurd at any time but is particularly absurd at a time of recession or very low growth.

Many charities rely on public money to function. Funding from central and local government now accounts for 36 per cent of charities’ income. As a result public sector cuts could hurt thousands of good causes that are household names. This would have tremendous implications for people who use these organisations’ services, as there is already evidence that demand for these services has been growing very fast during the recession. Last year a survey of charities found that 36 per cent expected to see higher demand for their services even while 20 per cent expected to have to cut their services25.

LAUNCH OF PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS- INDIA ON BINAYAK SEN’S BIRTHDAY

                                             Picture Jonathan Fine and Binayak Sen

Press Release 4th January 2011

Today on the 61st birthday of Dr Binayak Sen group of physicians, health activists and human right defenders have come together to form Physician for Human Rights- India. This independent and non political organisation will work on the principles of human rights, medical ethics and social justice. Physicians for Human Rights is a worldwide organisation established in 1981 with a solid foundation of over two decades of investigation, advocacy and accomplishment. It has campaigned vigorously for the human rights of health care workers in various countries and has been in the forefront of the International campaign for justice for Binayak. In fact its founder Jonathan Fine has been in India closely following the case and was present at Binayak’s trial.

We choose to offer the position of Honorary Chairman of Physicians for Human Rights / India to Dr.Binayak Sen who has given his life to these principles and to serve the poorest among us. Without neglecting others equally worthy, we will work tirelessly for his release from prison and complete exoneration of unjust accusations. His prompt return to the fight for human rights, civil liberties and service of India’s masses is essential for the sake of our nation. We strongly communicate our dismay and call for the dropping of charges , recognition of his exceptional contribution to Health & Human rights , his sacrifices & his deep commitment , & rare integrity , his proclaimed consistent support of Non Violence .It was for the above human values reflected in his life & work he was awarded for being a role model for Medical students , by CMC Vellore his Alma Mater .R.R Keithan award for demonstrating the values of the ” father of the Nation” and Johnathan Mann award for his work with the Tribals .

Physicians for Human Rights – India will mobilize health professionals to advance health, dignity and justice, and to promote the right to health for all. Harnessing the specialized skills, rigor, and passion of doctors, nurses, public health specialists and scientists, PHR India will investigate human rights abuses and will work towards stopping them . We believe that human rights are essential preconditions for the health and well-being of all people. PHR India will educate health professionals and medical, public health, and nursing students and organize them to become active in supporting a movement for human rights and creating a culture of human rights in the medical and scientific professions.

Physicians for Human Rights – India will join with physicians and health professionals similarly organized in other countries to add our voices in support of persecuted fellow health professionals in all countries. We will speak out against torture, physical and psychological abuse, and all forms of repression harmful to the public health. We will work tirelessly to bring our medical skills to the struggle for the attainment of human rights for all people. We pledge to uphold the finest traditions of the medical and allied health professions to investigate and report objectively on all findings of abuses in contravention to the constitution of India, the United Nations Covenants on Social, Political and Economic Rights and the Geneva Conventions and Protocols.

ENDORSEMENTS

1. Dr Amte Bharati , Maharogi Seva Samiti, Anandwan, Warora, Maharashtra
2. Dr. Amte Sheetal , Maharogi Seva Samiti, Anandwan, Warora, Maharashtra
3. Dr. Amte Vikas , Maharogi Seva Samiti, Anandwan, Warora, Maharashtra
4. Dr Anand R K, Paediatrician, Mumbai
5. Dr Bal Arun, Surgeon, Mumbai
6. Bali- Mahabal Kamayani, , Health and Human Rights Activist, Mumbai
7. Dr Bhojraj Shekhar , Orthodepic Surgeon, Mumbai
8. Dr Chatterjee Garga , Researcher and Physician Kolkata
9. Datta, Saurav , Law Teacher and Human Rights Activist, Mumbai
10. Duggal Ravi, Health Activist, Mumbai
11. Dr.Gangolli Leena V Public Health Physician, Mumbai
12. Dr Gupte Manisha , Feminist and Health rights activist, Pune
13. E Pinto, Premdas Health Activist, Bangalore
14. Dr Gaitonde, Rakhal Community Health Researcher, Bangalore
15. Jesani Amar , Health Activist, Mumbai
16. Dr Kalantri, S P Physician, Wardha
17. Dr Karmarkar Santosh ,Paediatric surgeon Mumbai
18. Dr Korde Vivek Family Physician, Mumbai
19. Dr Lokhandwala, Yash Cardiologist, Mumbai
20. Dr Morparia Hemant Radiologist, Mumbai
21. Dr Nagral Sanjay GI surgeon ,Mumbai
22. Dr Naik Deven, Family Physician, Mumbai
23. Nohira Sathyashree , Health Activist, Bangalore
24. Dr Pai Sanjay , Pathologist, Bangalore
25. Dr Pandya Sunil, Neurosurgeon, Mumbai
26. Dr Roy Nobojit , Surgeon, Mumbai
27. Dr Shiva Mira , Public Health Physician ,Delhi
28. Dr Singh S P , Gastroenterologist, Cuttack
29. Dr Thomas George , Orthopaedic surgeon, Chennai

For more information contact- phrindia2011@gmail.com/kamayni@gmail

Nepal Maoist CC meeting concludes

Kathmandu, 5 January: 


The central committee meeting of UCPN-Maoist has been concluded with some of the important decisions. According to the press statement released by Party Spokes person Dinanath Sharma today reads that the meeting has ended in a friendly environment with the following decisions:

The majority of the party has passed the amended political and organizational document of Chairman Com. Prachanda and Com. Kiran presented in the central committee meeting with some necessary advices. Some other comrades including Vice Chairman Com. Baburam Bhattarai expressed the difference of opinion against its main spirit in the meeting. 

The procedure on the operation of two line struggle has been decided on the following way: a). Party has decided to go into the public debate in some of those ideological issues, which are decided and determined, b). Differences related to the latest tactical line will be carried to the party cadres in different levels through \'Bichardhara\' (internal party publication). c). Situation of the differences of opinion will be made clear in the central schoolings that are going to be held (however, not in the form of forum) and express commitment on unity in action according to the party decision. d). No permission is given to complain against the party line, action-plan and the leaders publicly and negatively. e). Comrades in the same port folio will be free to discuss each-other except the formal meetings and they will be free to interact together. 

Likewise, the proposal on organization and the work-division proposed by Com. Prachanda has been passed by the majority. And, then, the action plan on internal political schooling has been decided as follows- 

The political schooling for Newa, Tamsaling and Special state committees will be held at Kathmandu on 17 January. Likewise, Tamuwan State Committee at Pokhara on 19 January, Magarat at Dang on 21 January, Bheri-Karnali at Surkhet 23 January, Seti-mahakali-Tharuwan at Kailali on 25 January, Abadh at Butwal on 27 January, Mithila-Bhojpura at Janakpur on 29 January, Kochila-Limbuwan state committees meetings will be held at Damak on 31 January.

The district committee schoolings of Kirant and Migration state committees will be managed by the two state committees themselves. The final and authentic data of martyr; disappears, wounded and disables are decided to be collected as quickly as it is possible. 

public enemy - shut'em down ( HQ )

The Coming of a New Revolutionary Movement
by Comrade Tommy Joshua Al-Rafiq
Chairman, Poor Righteous Party of the Black Nation

"It was through Hip-Hop that an entire generation of Black, Brown, Red, and Yellow youth enter history. It was Hip-Hop that carried them to the threshold of critical thought and self-organization.

At its best, Hip-Hop has always been more than an art; it is a people’s Movement, based on what one may call a pre-socialist cultural identity, which at its core objectively demands the leap into new revolutionary theory and practice.

In fact the advanced consciousness and working class cultural fervor of the Hip-hop generation has laid the foundation for the forging of a new revolutionary vanguard among the oppressed peoples of North Amerika and the world.

Under attack since its inception, yet nevertheless resilient, if it is to survive Hip-Hop culture must make a firm leap to stand against the reactionary Camp, which take advantage of this weakness, and today controls and influence Hip-hop to an alarming degree .

Hip-Hop culture is a positive form that deserves to be embraced, defended and even exhausted for the cause and at the service of a radical reconfiguration of existing society".

Visit :
http://peacecomrade.org/2010/05/10/the-coming-of-a-new-revolutionary-movement/

Ain't Done Nothing If You Ain't Been Called A Red

Mao on The Party

From the time that Mao took over the leadership of the CPC he made all efforts to develope the Party on true Leninist lines. Due to the domination of the earlier incorrect lines, particularly the third ‘Left’ Line of Wang Ming there were many deviations in party functioning. Due to the sectarian understanding there were no proper norms of democratic centralist functioning and a totally wrong approach to the two line struggle. Decisions were taken without consultation and without involving the Party cadre and by manipulating the holding of plenums and other meetings.

Two line struggle was not conducted openly and representatives of another point of view were harassed and punished. Also due to dogmatism there was no implementation of mass line. Mao made all attempts to rectify these deviations as well as build up proper forums and bodies. In the process Mao also clarified and developed many organisational concepts. He also tried to correct certain wrong understanding that had grown in the international communist movement and also in the CPSU under the leadership of Stalin.

Democratic Centralism: Mao’s attempt to correct sectarian and bureaucratic deviations is seen in his explanation regarding democratic centralism. Mao’s understanding of democratic centralism is clearly ‘first democracy, then centralism’. He explained this in many ways – ‘if there is no democracy there won’t be any centralism’, ‘centralism is centralism built on the foundation of democracy. Proletarian centralism with a broad democratic base’.

This view of Mao was based on his understanding that centralism meant first of all the centralisation of correct ideas. For this to take it was necessary for all comrades to express their views and opinions and not keep it bottled up inside them. This would only be possible if there was the fullest possible democracy where comrades would feel free to state what they want to say and even vent their anger. Therefore without democracy it would be impossible to sum up experience correctly. Without democracy, without ideas coming from the masses, it is impossible to formulate good lines, principles, policies or methods. However with proletarian democracy it was possible to achieve unity of understanding, of policy, plan, command and action on the basis of concentrating of correct ideas. This is unity through centralism.

Mao did not restrict the understanding of democratic centralism only to party functioning. He broadened the understanding to the question of running the proletarian state and building the socialist economy. Mao felt that, without democratic centralism, the dictatorship of the proletariat could not be consolidated. Without broad democracy for the people, it was impossible for the dictatorship of the proletariat to be consolidated or for political power to be stable. Without democracy, without arousing the masses and without supervision by the masses, it would be impossible to exercise effective dictatorship over the reactionaries and bad elements or to remould them effectively. Mao was making these observations after the rise of modern revisionism in the Soviet Union and saw that the masses had not been mobilised to exercise the dictatorship of the proletariat. He also saw the rise of revisionist tendencies within the CPC at the highest levels and recognised that the only safeguard against such trends was the initiative and vigilance of the lower level cadre and the masses.

Report by the CARC delegation to Nepal attending the 18th Conference of All Nepal National Independent Students Union (Revolutionary)

Party of the Committees to Support Resistance – for Communism (CARC) - Italy

Via Tanaro, 7 - 20128 Milano - Tel/Fax 02.26306454

e-mail: resistenza@carc.it – website: www.carc.it

 

National Direction - International Relations Department

Tel. +39 0226306454 - e-mail: carc.ri@libero.it

04/01/2011

Report from Nepal[1]

Kathmandu, 19^th December 19, 2010 - A delegation of the CARC Party was invited here in Kathmandu to join the 18^th Conference of All Nepal National Independent Students’ Union (Revolutionary) (ANNISU(r)), the most strong student organization in the country, collecting hundreds of thousands of revolutionary students and which is linked to Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Unified (CPN(m)U).

There were present at the conference the representatives of revolutionary student movements in Punjab and Tamil Nadu (India), of Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Philippines, Norway, Australia, Greece. There were delegates of the Marxist Leninist Communist Party of Turkey and North Kurdistan and from Basic, a revolutionary and progressive magazine in Canada. The delegations remained until 18^th December, with the exception of the delegation of Punjab, returned home because of the sudden illness that has killed one of its components.

The Conference showed that the revolutionary movement in Nepal can count on the youth of the country to defend and make advance the revolution. The large support by young people to the revolution and to the CPN(m)U that guides it shows that the Party has so far followed the just line. The ability of a communist party to collect the support of the young people of the popular masses is a sign of its vitality and of the rightness of its own line.

Is the CPN(m)U continuing to follow the just line? Given the importance this party and the revolution in Nepal have in the international communist movement there are many people who ask it. Many think that the CPN(m)U is in a stalemate. Some think that the road taken with the interruption of the armed struggle in 2006 was wrong, even if it led to great popular movement of April 2006, to the subsequent fall of the bloody king and to the end of the monarchy, to the victory of the Maoists who won 40% of seats in the Constituent Assembly. The present stalemate, according to these critics, would confirm their reasons.

In fact, we can speak of stalemate only in the sense that the Maoists and the reactionaries are facing each other so that for a long time no one of them has been able to advance, and the political activity in the country is essentially blocked. We cannot speak of stalemate for the Maoist party, which is developing a two lines struggle at higher and higher levels. The latest developments before the Conference of ANNISU(r) have occurred in the expanded Central Committee meeting that was attended by 6,000 party members in Kathmandu in late November and early December. After the meeting, the unity has not been reached, and indeed three documents were approved, one of the Chairman Prachanda, the others of two vice presidents, Kiran and Battharai.

In the face of criticism and doubts, some of most important leaders of UCPN-M (Krishna Bahadur Mahara, Basanta, Dharmentra Bastala, of the International Department, Ananta, of the Standing Committee, the vice president Prakesh, Rashmi, president of the Youth Communist League) gave the same explanation of the tactics adopted, indicating that the party is not divided on key issues, so as some revolutionary forces fear and as the reactionary forces hope. As still a part of the masses is convinced that the change can be achieved through a peaceful process, the tactic is to bring to exhaust all the possibilities in this sense, practicing all the ways of peaceful mobilization that the masses suggest and follow, showing in practice that "the political power grows from the barrel of a gun", that only revolution can bring progress in the country, freeing it from the chains of feudalism and oppression.

The stalemate between revolutionary and reactionary forces cannot be maintained forever, and indeed must be unlocked in the coming months. Above all, the two lines struggle in the party could not go on indefinitely, putting the party in terms of not being able to intervene timely when, thanks to its action, situation is ripe for a revolutionary passage.

On 17^th December there was a meeting of the Party Central Committee that some Politburo leaders have described as very important, marking a qualitative leap in the history of the country as was the passage in 2006, from armed struggle to the struggle with peaceful means. The meeting concluded approving a single document, Battharai’s line was in the minority, Prachanda and Kiran converged and were majority. Their line plans the development of the revolutionary process with all the means that will be needed to move towards the establishment of the Federal People's Republic in Nepal and to face the conspiracies and plots that Nepalese reactionaries are weaving supported and pushed by the Indian government.

In this 17^th December, then, it has been done an important step, a leap in quality in the process of construction of the revolution that the Nepalese Maoists demonstrated to be able to lead, as they say, with science and art. We are pleased to have witnessed it and we will do our best to understand its importance, for make it known by the international communist movement, and to make the masses of our country know that Communism is being reborn in the world like is being reborn here in Nepal .

---

[1] Published on “Resistenza”, January 2011 (http://www.carc.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1000:nepal-la-rivoluzione-avanza&catid=6:resistenza-del-mese&Itemid=11).

Mao on Philosophy

Mao’s writings on philosophy are directed to educating the Party cadre and masses in Marxism-Leninism so as to change the mode of thinking and practice. Mao himself was an ardent student of philosophy. When he got hold of books on philosophy he would consume them in intense concentrated reading. Because of the earlier influence of the dogmatists who had returned after study in Russia and could not relate their knowledge to reality, Mao was continuously eager to make the Party’s study and teaching linked to practice. He wanted to make Marxist philosophy and particularly the Marxist dialectical method of use to all Party cadre and activists and to the common masses.

The Theory of Knowledge: Of prime importance was Mao’s teaching on the theory of knowledge. An important work was his essay On Practice – On the Relation Between Knowledge and Practice, Between Knowing and Doing. Though it took only two hours of lectures, Mao said it had taken weeks to write. The central point, which Mao explains is that knowledge does not drop from the skies, it comes from social practice and from it alone. True knowledge, or correct ideas, come from three kinds of social practice – the struggle for production, the class struggle and scientific experiment.

Theory depends on practice. It is unthinkable, said Mao, that it should not be measured and checked by practice. In turn, theory changes practice, changes our method of work and thinking. Through this is brought about the transformation and gaining of more knowledge. No one is born wise, or born stupid. Knowledge cannot come before material experience; nobody can become an expert before practically doing a thing.

Mao explained the process of obtaining knowledge. It starts from perceptual knowledge, the stage of sense perceptions and impressions, where man at first sees only the separate aspects, the external relations of things. As social practice continues, things that give rise to man’s sense perceptions and impressions in the course of his practice are repeated many times; then a sudden change (leap) takes place in the brain in the process of understanding, and concepts are formed. Concepts are no longer the phenomena, the separate aspects and the external relations of things; they grasp the essence, the totality and the internal relations of things. Between concepts and sense perceptions there is not only a quantitative but also a qualitative difference. Conceptual or logical or rational knowledge is a higher stage than the stage of perceptual knowledge.

There are two important aspects to this. One is that rational knowledge depends upon perceptual knowledge. It is foolish to think that rational knowledge can be developed without someone first experiencing and obtaining perceptual knowledge. The second important aspect is that perceptual knowledge remains to be developed into rational knowledge. This means that perceptual knowledge should be deepened and developed to the stage of rational knowledge.

The acquiring of rational knowledge is however not an end in itself. As Marxism has always held, the essential point of all knowledge is to bring it into practice. Thus as Mao says, “Discover the truth through practice, and again through practice verify and develop the truth. Start from perceptual knowledge and actively develop it into rational knowledge; then start from rational knowledge and actively guide revolutionary practice to change both the subjective and the objective world.

Practice, knowledge, again practice, and again knowledge. This form repeats itself in endless cycles, and with each cycle the content of practice and knowledge rises to a higher level. Such is the whole of the dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge, and such is the dialectical-materialist theory of the unity of knowing and doing.”

On Contradictions: The other important contribution of Mao to Marxist philosophy was in dialectics and particularly relating to the understanding and application of contradictions. The understanding and use of contradictions appears at various points and almost throughout Mao’s analysis and writings. His main work is On Contradictions, which is an essay on philosophy written in August 1937 by Mao after his essay “On Practice” and with the same object of overcoming the serious error of dogmatist thinking to be found in the Party at the time. Originally this essay was presented as two lectures at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political College in Yenan.

Mao’s work was in a sense the continuation of work by Lenin who particularly made a deep study of contradictions. Lenin called contradiction ‘the salt of dialectics’ and stated that ‘the division of the One and the knowledge of its contradictory parts is the essence of dialectics.’ Lenin further in his Philosophical Notebooks asserted, “In brief, dialectics can be defined as the doctrine of the unity of opposites. This embodies the essence of dialectics, but it requires explanations and development.”

These ‘explanations and development’ was done some twenty years later by Mao. Mao work was a leap in the understanding of contradictions. He examined the question of contradictions in great detail and clarified them in such a manner as to make them easily understandable and easily useable by anybody.
Firstly he asserted that the law of the unity of opposites, is the fundamental law of nature and of society and therefore also the fundamental law of thought.

Following from this he explained the principle of the universality and absoluteness of contradiction. According to this principle, contradiction is present in all processes of every object and of every thought and exists in all these processes from beginning to end.

The Rise of Arab Hip Hop plus DAM